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금수산기념궁전을 《금수산태양궁전》으로 명명함에 관한 공동
결정 공표, 조선인민군 륙해공군 장병들의 례식 엄숙히 거행
경애하는 김정은동지께서 당과 국가,무력기관의 책임일군들과 함께 참석하시였다
News by 본사정치보도반
금수산기념궁전을 《금수산태양궁전》으로 명명함에 관한 공동결정 공표와 위대한 수령 김일성대원수님께와 위대한 령도자 김정일대원수님께 숭고한 경의를 표시하며 경애하는 최고사령관동지께 충정을 맹세하는 조선인민군 륙해공군 장병들의 례식이 １６일 주체의 최고성지에서 엄숙히 거행되였다.
뜻깊은 광명성절을 맞이하여 태양민족의 성지이며 우리 조국과 인민의 모든 승리와 영광의 중심인 금수산기념궁전은 가장 경건하고 숭엄한 분위기에 휩싸여있었다.
드넓은 광장은 혁명의 최전방에 최고사령부를 두시고 정력적인 초강도강행군길을 이어가시며 조국과 민족의 무궁번영을 위한 만년토대를 마련하여주신 위대한 김정일대원수님에 대한 절절한 그리움과 다함없는 경모의 정으로 세차게 끓어번지고있었다.
금수산기념궁전정면에는 위대한 수령 김일성동지의 태양상이 모셔져있었다.
위대한 령도자 김정일동지의 태양상이 조선로동당기와 공화국기를 배경으로 주석단중심에 모셔져있었다.
위대한 장군님의 태양상 량옆에는 조선인민군 륙해공군 및 로농적위대 명예위병들이 서있었으며 군기들이 세워져있었다.
기발게양대들에는 공화국기들이 나붓기고있었다.
우리 당과 국가,군대의 최고령도자이신 경애하는 김정은동지께서 주석단에 나오시였다.
순간 전체 참가자들은 위대한 장군님의 사상과 위업에 끝없이 충직한 주체혁명위업의 위대한 계승자이시며 조국과 민족의 운명이시고 승리의 기치이신 경애하는 최고사령관동지에 대한 열화같은 흠모심을 안고 열광적으로 환영하였다.
당 과 국가,군대의 책임일군들인 김영남동지,최영림동지,리영호동지,김경희동지,김영춘동지,김기남동지,최태복동지,양형섭동지,강석주동지,장성택동지,김정각동지,김양건동지, 김영일동지,박도춘동지,최룡해동지,태종수동지,김평해동지,문경덕동지,주규창동지,우동측동지,김창섭동지와 조선인민군 군종,병종사령관들이 주석단에 나왔다.
초대석에는 당,무력,정권기관,사회단체,성,중앙기관 일군들,조선인민군,조선인민내무군 장병들,과학,교육,문화예술,보건,출판보도부문 일군들,공로자들,로력혁신자들이 나와있었다.
광명성절기념 재일본조선인대표단을 비롯한 해외동포대표단들과 동포들,반제민족민주전선 평양지부 대표,주조 여러 나라 외교대표들과 국제기구 대표들,무관단성원들,외국인들이 초대석에 자리잡고있었다.
참가자들은 백두산총대정신을 절대불변의 혁명신조로 삼으시고 불면불휴의 정력적인 령도로 선군혁명승리와 더불어 영원불멸할 건군업적을 쌓아올리시였으며 생애의 마지막시기까지 군령도의 자욱을 끝없이 새겨가신 위대한 령도자 김정일동지를 가장 경건한 마음으로 추모하여 묵상하였다.
조 선로동당 중앙위원회,조선로동당 중앙군사위원회,조선민주주의인민공화국 국방위원회,조선민주주의인민공화국 최고인민회의 상임위원회,조선민주주의인민공화국 내각 공동결정을 조선로동당 중앙위원회 정치국 상무위원회 위원이며 조선민주주의인민공화국 최고인민회의 상임위원회 위원장인 김영남동지가 공표하였다.
위대한 수령 김일성동지와 위대한 령도자 김정일동지를 영생의 모습으로 높이 모신 금수산기념궁전을 《금수산태양궁전》으로 명명함에 관한 공동결정이 공표되자 우렁찬 《만세！》의 함성과 함께 축포가 터져오르고 수많은 고무풍선들이 성지의 하늘가에 날아올랐다.
전체 참가자들은 절세의 애국자이시며 불세출의 선군령장이신 위대한 수령님과 어버이장군님을 천세만세 높이 받들어모시고 백두에서 개척된 주체혁명위업을 끝까지 계승완성해나갈 불타는 열의에 충만되여있었다.
조선인민군 륙해공군 장병들의 례식이 있었다.
전체 참가자들은 우리 혁명무력의 창건자이시며 건설자이신 위대한 수령 김일성대원수님의 태양상과 위대한 령도자 김정일대원수님의 태양상을 우러러 가장 숭고한 경의를 드리였다.
《김일성장군의 노래》,《김정일장군의 노래》가 장중하게 주악되는 가운데 ２１발의 례포가 발사되였다.
조선로동당 중앙위원회 정치국 상무위원회 위원인 조선인민군 총참모장 리영호동지가 연설하였다.
연설자는 민족최대의 경사스러운 광명성절을 맞이하는 조선인민군 륙해공군 장병들은 주체의 최고성지 금수산태양궁전광장에서 위대한 김일성대원수님께와 김정일대원수님께 가장 숭고한 경의와 영생축원의 인사를 삼가 드린다고 말하였다.
그는 주체사상,선군사상을 창시하시고 빛나게 구현하시여 이 땅우에 인민대중중심의 사회주의제도를 일떠세우시고 ２０세기를 자주의 궤도우에 확고히 올려놓으신 위대한 수령님의 불멸의 혁명업적은 천추만대에 길이 빛날것이라고 강조하였다.
독창적인 선군정치를 펼치시여 인민군대를 무적필승의 백두산혁명강군으로 강화발전시키시고 세기를 이어 계속되는 준엄한 반미대결전에서 백승의 군사적기적을 창조하신 위대한 장군님은 조선의 심장,조선의 힘이시였고 천하제일명장이시였다.
혁 명생애의 마지막순간까지 인민생활향상과 경제강국건설의 밝은 전망을 펼치시고 령도의 계승문제를 완벽하게 해결해주시였으며 조국통일의 전환적국면을 열어놓으시고 진보적인류가 나아갈 길을 환히 밝혀주신 위대한 장군님은 천만년 영생하실것이다.
연설자는 지구가 깨지고 하늘땅이 열백번 뒤집힌다 해도 당과 영원히 운명을 함께 할 위대한 수령님과 장군님의 군대,경애하는 최고사령관동지의 군대인 우리 인민군대의 철석같은 신념과 의지를 담아 엄숙히 맹세하였다.
우리들은 위대한 수령 김일성대원수님과 위대한 령도자 김정일대원수님을 천세만세 높이 받들어모시고 절세위인들의 영광스러운 혁명력사와 불멸의 군건설업적을 길이 빛내이며 경애하는 최고사령관동지의 선군령도를 총대로 충직하게 받들어나갈것이다.
오중흡７련대칭호쟁취운동의 불길을 더욱 세차게 일으켜 전군이 최고사령관동지를 한목숨바쳐 결사옹위하는 김정은제일친위대,김정은제일근위대가 되겠다.
강철같은 군기와 고상한 도덕생활기풍을 확립하고 관병일치,군민일치를 철저히 확립하며 올해에 영웅적조선인민군의 일당백속도로,《단숨에》의 공격정신으로 경제강국건설과 인민생활향상의 주요전구들마다에서 진격의 돌파구를 열어제끼겠다.
싸움준비에 더욱 박차를 가함으로써 민족최대의 숙원인 조국통일의 력사적위업을 반드시 이룩하고야말것이다.
륙해공군장병들은 위대한 김일성대원수님과 김정일대원수님의 선군혁명력사와 업적을 끝없이 빛내이며 경애하는 최고사령관동지를 무장으로 옹위해갈 억척불변의 신념과 의지를 담아 《김정은》,《결사옹위》,《조국통일》의 구호를 부르고 《우리는 맹세한다》노래를 힘차게 합창하였다.
이어 조선인민군 륙해공군 장병들의 분렬행진이 있었다.
《장군님은 태양으로 영생하신다》노래주악이 장내에 울려퍼지는 속에 위대한 령도자 김정일동지의 태양상이 군기종대의 호위를 받으며 광장에 입장하였다.
조선인민군 최고사령관기와 조선로동당기,군기들을 대오앞에 휘날리며 륙해공군부대 종대들이 장중한 취주악에 맞추어 위풍당당하게 행진해갔다.
대 오마다에는 백두산천출위인들의 슬하에서 무적필승의 혁명강군으로 억세게 자라나 혁명의 수뇌부를 결사옹위하며 조국과 혁명,사회주의를 믿음직하게 지켜온 긍지드높이 우리 당의 선군혁명위업을 충직하게 받들어갈 자주적근위병들의 필승의 기상이 나래쳤다.
김정은동지께서는 주석단앞을 보무당당히 행진하는 대오들에 답례를 보내시였다.
백두의 혈통,선군혁명의 피줄기를 꿋꿋이 이어가는 우리 혁명의 계승자들의 대오인 혁명학원종대들이 씩씩하게 발구름을 높이였다.
《발걸음》노래주악에 맞추어 광장을 누벼가는 원아들의 얼굴마다에는 위대한 수령님과 어버이장군님 그대로이신 또 한분의 백두산장군을 높이 모신 선군혁명의 산아들의 끝없는 긍지와 자부심이 한껏 어려있었다.
전체 행진참가자들은 주체혁명위업계승의 새 력사를 빛내여가시는 우리 당과 우리 인민의 최고령도자이시며 조선인민군 최고사령관이신 경애하는 김정은동지께 최대의 영광을 드리였다.
주체적혁명무력의 무진막강한 군력과 최첨단을 돌파한 자위적국방공업의 위력을 과시하며 기계화종대들이 지축을 울리면서 광장에 들어섰다.
경애하는 최고사령관동지께서 명령만 내리신다면 적진을 단숨에 짓뭉개버릴 기상으로 방사포,미싸일,장갑차종대들이 광장을 누벼나갔다.
관중들은 우리 공화국을 불패의 정치사상강국,군사강국,핵보유국으로 전변시키시여 우리 인민이 대대손손 자주적인민으로 살아갈 억년기틀을 마련하신 백두산위인들에 대한 다함없는 감사의 정을 안고 기계화종대들에 열렬한 박수갈채를 보내였다.
분렬행진이 끝나자 수많은 고무풍선이 날아올라 태양궁전의 하늘가를 아름답게 장식하였다.
경애하는 김정은동지께서는 감격에 휩싸여 열광의 환호를 올리는 군중에게 손을 저어주시며 따뜻한 답례를 보내시였다.
민족최대의 명절인 광명성절을 맞으며 엄숙히 거행된 조선인민군 륙해공군 장병들의 례식은 위대한 김정일동지의 사상과 위업을 총대로 굳건히 수호하며 경애하는 김정은동지의 령도를 앞장에서 충직하게 받들어가려는 인민군장병들의 드팀없는 신념과 의지를 힘있게 과시하였다.
DOLPHIN-CLASS:
German 68-meter U-boat lowered into the water
Germany's largest U-boat that was built after the Second World War, was first launched. It is apparently intended for Israel and will be difficult to locate.
The largest, with 68 meters long submarine that was built after the Second World War in Germany, is to be delivered this year to Israel. This was told the news agency DPA from informed sources.
PHOTO: AP / DPAin the U-boat, it should be, reportedly for the first U-boat of the second generation of Dolphin-class
The submarine was launched at the site of the HDW shipyard in Kiel, German by water and is first seen in public. Police boats monitored with control section drives the port. Expected to take place in fall test drives. The group ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, which includes the shipyard, made upon request for contractual obligations of confidentiality no information.
Supposedly, the submarine can use nuclear weapons
It is reportedly the first to the second-generation submarine, the Dolphin-class for Israel . That combined with a drive system of diesel engine and electric motor equipped with fuel cells betriebenem boat is one of the world's most advanced systems and is supposed to be able to use nuclear weapons.
Also, further details of a report of the "Kieler Nachrichten", the boat was to locate heavier than a submarine with pure diesel engine, rejected a spokeswoman for ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, an opinion.
The "Jerusalem Post" was written recently with reference to international reports that Israel's submarines have the possibility of a nuclear response and have cruise missiles with nuclear warheads.
A third of the price by the German taxpayer
To the millennium Israel had already received three Dolphin-class boats. Are currently under construction, two copies of the new generation, the second boat was to be delivered in 2013, it said. The delivery of a third submarine has been agreed between Germany and Israel, was known as early as last year.
The federal government subsidizes the sale of the third boat with a maximum of 135 million euros. This means that one third of the price will be contributed by the German taxpayer. The funds are set in the federal budget 2012th It is reported to the agreement between Israel and HDW, but still not be signed and sealed.
MB “독도 日표기, 기다려달라” 사실로 드러나
“지금은 곤란하다, 기다려달라”고 말했다는 일본 언론보도가 사실인 것으로 20일 드러나 파문이 일고 있다.
News by Newsface
페이스뉴스는 이명박 대통령이 2008년 7월 9일 일본 총리가 자국의 중학교 교과서에 독도를 일본땅이라고 표기하겠다고 통보하자 “지금은 곤란하다, 기다려달라”고 말했다는 일본 언론보도가 사실인 것으로 20일 드러나 파문이 일고 있다. 이 같은 내용은 폭로전문 사이트 위키리크스의 미 외교 전문을 통해 드러났다고 전했다.
지난 2008년 7월 15일 일본 <요미우리> 신문은 이명박 대통령이 2008년 7월9일 홋카이도(北海道) 도야코(洞爺湖) G8 정상회의에서 후쿠다 야스오(福田康夫) 총리로부터 ‘중학교 사회과 학습지도요령 해설서에 다케시마(竹島·독도의 일본명)를 일본땅이라고 명기하지 않을 수 없다’는 사실을 통보받고 “지금은 곤란하다. 기다려달라”고 말했다고 보도했다.
보도가 나오자 이 대통령 발언의 진위를 둘러싸고 양국에서는 논란이 벌어졌다. 당시 일본 문부과학성은 전날 독도를 일본의 영토라고 명기한 학습지도요령 해설서를 공표했다.
이에 대해 이동관 청와대 대변인은 “한국 내부를 분열시키고 독도 문제의 본질을 왜곡시키기 위한 일본 언론 측 보도라면 용납할 수 없다”며 강력 부인했다. 그러나 청와대 측은 <요미우리>에 대한 법적 대응을 하지 않아 의혹을 낳았다.
또한 당시 우리나라의 한 외교관이 “이 대통령이 일본 총리에게 ‘기다려달라’고 했다”며 <요미우리> 보도가 사실이라고 말한 것으로 확인돼 파문이 확산됐었다.
이와 관련 19일 <경향신문>이 입수한 위키리크스의 미국 외교전문에 따르면, 2008년 7월16일 강영훈 주일 한국대사관 1등 서기관은 미국 외교관을 만나 이 대통령이 교과서 문제에 대해 후쿠다 총리에게 ‘기다려달라’고 부탁했다고 말한 것으로 적혀 있다. 이 전문은 강 서기관의 발언 다음날인 2008년 7월17일 작성됐으며 위키리크스는 지난해 8월 이 문서를 공개했다.
강 서기관은 당시 주일 미국대사관의 정치담당관을 만나 일본의 중학교 학습지도요령 해설서 발표에 대해 “특히 이 대통령이 후쿠다 총리에게 ‘기다려달라’고 직접 부탁한 직후(particularly after Lee directly appealed to PM Fukuda to ‘hold back’)여서 한국 정부 관료들은 ‘배신감’을 느낀다”고 말했다.
<요미우리> 신문의 15일 보도에 한국 정부가 반박했지만 이튿날 주일 한국대사관 관계자가 이 대통령의 발언을 확인해준 셈이다. 이후 이 문제는 국내에서 소송으로 확산됐다.
▲독도시민소송단이 가열차게 사법투쟁을 하였으나 뼛쏙까지 대를 이은 친일,친미 사대매국세력의 개가된 식민지 사법부는 매국권력에 무릎을 꿇고 매국적인 법리적 판단을 했다. 이제는 민중의나라에서 인민들이 주인이되는 자주정부를 수립하여 사대매국세력들을 척결해야만 ©민족의소리자주역사신보편집부
대법원은 지난해 1월 백모씨 등 1천886명의 국민소송단이 요미우리신문을 상대로 낸 손해배상 청구소송에서 원고 패소 판결하면서 이 대통령이 ‘기다려달라’고 말한 사실은 없다고 결론 내렸다.
위키리크스는 또 2008년 한·일 정상회담 직후 외교전문을 인용하며 주한 일본대사관의 정치참사관이 “이명박 대통령은 노무현 대통령보다 ‘두꺼운 피부’를 가져 불가피하게 발생하는 사소한 트러블(한·일 간 마찰)을 견뎌낼 수 있을 것”이라며 “이번 한·일 정상회담은 과거와 영토 문제에 대한 논의를 피하면서 경제협력을 강화하는 데 초점을 맞췄다”고 평가했다.
이 같은 보도에 트위터를 이용하는 사용자들은 경악하며 비난을 쏟아냈다.
트위플 ‘cho******’은 “한국 외교관, 미국 외교관에게 확인해줘… 헌법을 위반한 탄핵감이다”라고 성토했고 ‘kdh******’은 “참 가지가지한다, 도대체 어느 나라 사람인지?? 국적을 파기할 순 없나? 진짜 입에서 욕 나온다”라고 맹비난했다.
‘yon*****’은 “요미우리의 보도에 아니라고 펄쩍 뛰었던 청와대** 위키리크스는 그런 말을 했다는 주일한국 대사관 서기관의 발언을 공개**거짓말은 언제까지 감춰질 수 없다는 게 역사의 교훈이다”라고 일갈했고 ‘hit****’은 “mb, 공항도 팔아먹으려 하고, KTX도 팔아먹으려하고, 독도까지 일본에 팔아먹으려 했나. 뼛속까지 친일 맞네”라고 한탄했다.
이외 “탄핵감 아닌가요? 아침부터 열 받네(yis*****)”, “독도 표기 기다려달라가 사실이란다! 가카나 새누리당 반응보다 과연 민주통합당이 어찌 나오는가 함 보자! 이번에도 멍 때리고 나이브하게 가는지 지켜본다!”(‘sun***’), “진심 부끄러운 대통령”(psy****) 등의 비난이 이어졌다.
R-11 / SS-1B SCUD-A R-300 9K72 Elbrus / SS-1C SCUD-B
The Scud is a mobile, Russian-made, short-range, tactical ballistic surface-to-surface (hence the nomenclature abbreviation SS) missile system. The SCUD-series guided missiles are single-stage, short-range ballistic missiles using storable liquid propellants. The Scud is derived from the World War II-era German V-2 rocket. Unlike the FROG series of unguided missiles, the SCUDs have movable fins. Warheads can be HE(High Explosive, 고폭), chemical, or nuclear, and the missile, launched vertically from a small platform, has a range of 300 km. Unsophisticated gyroscopes guided the missile only during powered flight - which lasts about 80 seconds.
Once the rocket motor shut down, the entire missile with the warhead attached coasted unguided to the target area. Consequently, Scuds had notoriously poor accuracy, and the farther they flew, the more inaccurate they became. SCUD missiles are found in SSM (SCUD) brigades at front/army level. The SCUD series of missiles gave the Soviet front and army commanders an integral nuclear weapons capability. Non-nuclear variants of the SCUD missiles have been exported to both Warsaw Pact and non-Warsaw Pact nations.
* The SCUD-A is also known as SS-1b. The SCUD-B replaced the JS-3-mounted SCUD-A, which had been in service since the mid-1950s.
* The longer range SCUD B, also known as SS-1c, can be distinguished by the one meter greater length of the missile and the presence of two air bottles on the side of the superstructure in place of the single bottle used for the "SCUD A" missile. The SCUD B used unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), a more powerful (and toxic) fuel than the kerosene fueled SCUD A, which required an engine redesign. They were transported originally on a heavy-tracked vehicle based on the JS heavy-tank chassis. This vehicle serves also as an erector and launcher for the missiles. The SCUD-B was introduced on the JS-3 tracked chassis in 1961 and appeared on the MAZ-543 wheeled chassis in 1965. The "SCUD B" missile has appeared on a new transporter-erector-launcher based on the MAZ-543 (8x8) truck. The introduction of this new powerful cross-country wheeled vehicle gave this missile system greater road mobility, reduces the number of support vehicles required, and still preserves a great choice in selecting off-road firing positions. The same basic chassis also has been used for the transporter-erector-launcher for the "SCALEBOARD" surface-to-surface guided missile. In the early 1980s, the SCUD-B was replaced by the SS-23, which has greatly improved range (500 km), increased accuracy, and reduced reaction and refire times.
* The SCUD-C SS-1d achieved an initial operational capability with Soviet forces around 1965. It had a longer range, though lower accuracy, than the SCUD B, and was deployed in smaller numbers. As of the late 1990s some remained in service in Russian ground forces.
* The SCUD-D SS-1e featured an improved guidance system, possibly incorporating active radar terminal homing, and a wider choice of warheads than its predecessors. This missile has a range of about 700 km. Initially operational in the 1980s, it may not have been deployed by former Soviet ground forces.
At launch, a basic Scud contains about 3,500 kilograms (7,700 pounds) of IRFNA and about 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) of fuel. Most of the IRFNA and fuel is used within the first 80 seconds of flight when the missile is gaining enough speed to reach its target. When this speed is reached, the Scud is designed to shut off its engine by shutting off the propellant tanks (a fuel tank and an oxidizer tank). The unused propellants-roughly 150 kilograms (330 pounds) of RFNA and 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of fuel-remain on board for the remainder of the flight.
In the early 1970s, the Soviet Army sought a replacement for the 9K72 Elbrus (SS-1C `Scud B') system, which had a very slow reaction time [around 90 minutes to prepare and fire] and its poor accuracy when using conventional warheads. The replacement system, codename 9K714 Oka [SS-23 Spider], was developed by KB Mashinostroyenia (Machine Industry Design Bureau) in Kolomna. This system was phased out in compliance with the INF Treaty in the late 1980s. Russia's TBM inventory is limited to thousands of SS-1c/Scud B and SS-21/Scarab SRBMs as a result of the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty, which required the elimination of the FSU's extensive stocks of MRBMs.
A second SCUD follow-on effort began in the form of the SS-26, which apparently entered service by 1999. The SS-26 SRBM is expected to be both a replacement for the SS-1c/Scud B and an export. By the early 1990s, the `Scud' system was unquestionably obsolete and many of the 9P117 launcher vehicles were retired due to age.
Specifications
DIA
SS-1b
SS-1c
SS-1d
SS-1e
NATO
Scud-A
Scud-B
Scud-C
Scud-D
Bilateral
Service
R-11 / R-175
R-300
OKB/Industry
8K14
Design Bureau
Makeyev OKB
Makeyev OKB
Makeyev OKB
Makeyev OKB
Approved
...
...
...
...
Years of R&D
...
...
...
...
Engineering and Testing
...
...
...
...
First Flight Test
...
...
...
...
IOC
...
...
...
...
Deployment Date
1957
1965
1965
1980s
Withdrawn
1978
Type of Warhead
nuclear
Conventional unitary blast
Chemical warhead
HE, CHEM (thickened VX)
Conventional unitary blast
fuel-air explosive
40 runway-penetrator sub-munitions
100 11-lb (5-kg) anti-personnel bomblets
Warheads
1
1
1
1
Yield
...
5-80 kiloton
...
...
Payload (t)
770-950 kg
Total length (m)
10.25 m
11.25 m
11.25 m
11.25 m
Total length w/o warhead (m)
Missile Diameter (m)
0.88 m
0.88 m
0.88 m
0.88 m
Launch Weight (t)
6,300 kg
Fuel Weight (t)
Range(km)
130 km
300 km
575-600km
700 km
CEP (m) (Russian Sources)
CEP (m) (Western Sources)
4,000 m
900 m
900 m
50 m
Reaction time
60 min
Engine Designation
...
...
...
...
Design Bureau
...
...
...
...
Engine Configuration
One engine
One engine
One engine
One engine
Propellants
Liquid Storable
Liquid Storable
Liquid Storable
Liquid Storable
Fuel
Kerosene
UDMH
UDMH
UDMH
Oxidizer
nitric acid
RFNA (Russian SG-02 Tonka 250)
RFNA (Russian SG-02 Tonka 250)
RFNA (Russian SG-02 Tonka 250)
Main Engines Burning time (sec.)
...
...
...
...
Main engines Thrust Sea Level/Vacuum (Tonnes)
...
...
...
...
Main Engines Specific Impulse Sea Level/Vacuum (sec.)
...
...
...
...
SCUD-A
SCUD-B/C
미국에 완강히 맞서나가는 이란
본사기자
오늘 국제정세는 매개 나라와 민족들로 하여금 자위적국방력을 강화하지 않고서는 나라의 자주권은 물론 민족의 존엄도,개인의 운명도 지켜낼수 없다는 철리를 절감하게 하고있다.
그것은 미국을 비롯한 렬강들이 저들의 군사적힘을 세계제패야망을 실현하기 위한 기본수단으로 삼고있는것과 관련된다. 지금 미국은 이란의 자주적이고 합법적인 평화적핵개발권리를 빼앗기 위해 이 나라에 대한 제재와 압력책동, 정치군사적위협책동을 더욱 로골적으로 감행하고있다.
최근 미국의 한 전문가그루빠는 공군과 특수부대로 이란에 대한 전격적인 군사행동을 벌릴것을 공개적으로 호소하였다. 이 그루빠는 군사행동에 이란의 전략적대상들과 군사시설들, 핵시설들을 겨냥한 특수부대들의 공격을 포함시키는것과 동시에 테헤란에 대한 정보작전들을 적극적으로 벌리며 호르무즈해협에 항공모함과 소해함들을 증강할것을 오바마에게 요구하였다.
현재 미국은 오만의 마씨라섬에 방대한 무력을 집중시키고있다. 까타르(Qatar)에 전략폭격기편대를 주둔시켰고 １만 ５ ０００여명의 무력을 쿠웨이트에 전개하였다. 인디아양(Indian Ocean)의 미군사기지에 수 백 개의 중폭탄들이 수송되였으며 페르샤만지역(Persian Region)에서 미항공모함전단이 항시적인 경계태세에 들어갔다.
이뿐이 아니다.
미국은 이란이 핵개발에 리용할 수 있는 온갖 자금원천을 말리울 목적 밑에 이 나라의 １０개 해운회사에 대한 자산동결 등의 추가제재를 발표하였다. 이란 중앙은행과 금융 거래를 하는 외국 금융기관들을 처벌할데 대한 법안을 국회에서 통과시키는 부당한 조치를 취하였다. 특히, 미국 대통령 오바마는 미국내 이란 자산의 동결을 담은 행정명령을 하달 하였다.
이에 따라 미국내 또는 미국이 통제하는 이란의 자산은 거래가 금지되였다. 미국과 함께 유럽동맹도 이란의 석유산업에 대한 경제적 제재 조치를 시행하고있다.
날이 갈수록 집요하게 감행되는 미국 등 서방의 제재와 압력책동, 정치군사적 위협에 이란정부와 인민은 강경히 맞서나가고있다.
국력은 강한 국방력에 의해 담보된다.
미국과 서방나라들이 이란의 평화적 핵 활동을 터무니없이 걸고 들면서 고립압살 책동에 열을 올릴수록 이란정부는 이에 끄떡하지 않고 이미 튼튼히 다져진 국방공업에 의거하여 자주적인 국방력을 더욱 강화하는데 선차적인 힘을 넣고있다.
최근 이란은 나라의 방위력을 강화하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 일부 연구계획에 따라 국산화된 전자 및 광학, 먼거리 통신체계를 개발하였다.
이란 국방무력 병참상은 현재 ９개 대상이 생산을 시작하였다고 하면서 그가운데는 포형태의 신형레이자유도체계와 반장갑미싸일의 유도체계, 나라의 민감하고도 중요한 지역을 보호하는데 필요한 레이자방위체계의 경보장치 그리고 ３개의 신형레이다와 강한 마이크로파전등, 고온카메라와 잠수함들에 쓰이는 전자통신설비를 포함한 ８개의 제품이 이란군에 납입되였다고 밝혔다. 또한 다양한 크기의 군함에 리용 가능하고 소형과 중형 목표물을 정밀타격 할 수 있는 대함순항미싸일대량생산에 들어갔다.
이와 함께 군사훈련을 강화하고있다.
며칠전 이란 이슬람교 혁명근위대는 나라의 남부수역에서 《하미아네 벨라야트》군사연습을 시작하였다. 군사연습에서 이란이슬람교혁명근위대 륙군사령관은 이번 군사연습이 페르샤만과 오만해, 호르무즈해협에서의 위협들에 대처할수 있도록 이란이슬람교혁명근위대의 준비태세를 유지강화하기 위한것이라고 밝혔다.
이란 이슬람교 혁명근위대는 《적들이 이란을 공격하는데 리용하는 장소는 그 어느 곳이든 이란이슬람교혁명근위대의 목표로 될것이다. 그 어떤 위협이나 침공에 대한 이란의 대응은 섬멸적인것으로 될것이다》라고 천명하였다.
오늘 이란지도부가 취하고있는 이와 같은 립장과 조치는 국제사회의 지지를 받고있다.
미국의 그 어떤 제재와 압력책동, 정치군사적위협책동에도 완강히 맞서 나라의 자주권을 수호해나가고있는 이란인민의 투쟁은 반드시 빛나는 결실을 맺게 될것이다.
The DPRK's Command and Control
North Korea's military command, control, and communications system consists of extensive hardened wartime command facilities, supported by redundant communication systems, which are believed to be largely separate from systems supporting other sectors. A modernized telecommunications infrastructure will greatly increase the regime's ability to perform both peacetime and wartime management tasks, and as in any country, could provide critical backup for military communication systems if necessary.
There are over 30 villas for Kim Jong-Il scattered at mountains and beaches of superb scenic beauty, known as "palaces." It was Kim Il-sung who began building villas at places of scenic beauty. Those built in the '50s and '60s were exclusively for Kim Il-sung. In the '70s, when Kim Jong-il began emerging as his successor, villas started being built exclusively for Kim Jong-il. Since the death of Kim Il-sung in '94, both Kim Il-sung villas and Kim Jong-il villas have been used exclusively as Kim Jong-il "palaces."
Facilities are impressive and include banquet halls, fishing sites, horse-riding grounds and hunting sites, on areas as large as many Western estates. Thousands of resident personnel are charged with their management and upkeep. It is estimated that more than US$2.5 billion was spent for the construction of the aforementioned facilities. "Kangdong Palace" and "Dukchun Palace" were built in the suburbs of Pyongyang after the death of Kim Il-sung, at a cost of over US$150 million. Kim Jong-Il spends about 10 days or more at the palaces in an average month. He uses them for rest with his family and enjoying luxurious parties with his close officials, and sometimes uses them as his office when conducting inspections of military units or industrial sites.
North Korea currently is modernizing its aged telecommunications infrastructure to improve the speed and quality and expand the capacity of both domestic and international communications. A fiber-optic cable linking Pyongyang and Hamhung was complete by early 1995, with construction from Pyongyang to Kangwon, North Hamgyong, and South Pyongan Provinces almost complete by midyear. In 1995, North Korea acquired digital Chinese switching equipment for Chongjin, Najin, and Hamhung. Large quantities of new and used telephones from a number of countries increased the number of telephones to 3.7 per 100 persons by 1993.
The current emphasis in the modernization program is on upgrading communications supporting the Najin-Sonbong Free Trade Zone in northeast North Korea. A large communications center at Najin will be the focal point; it will be equipped with digital switching and other modern equipment and will offer modern communication services to businesses operating in the zone. Vastly improved communications between the Free Trade Zone and other countries will include fiber-optic cable and a digital microwave relay link between Pyongyang, Najin, and Vladivostok, with a shorter link between Najin and Hunchun, China. Additional plans for the Free Trade Zone include construction of a satellite earth station, as well as communication center branches, in the zone.
North Korean Special Weapons Facilities
NuclearChemical WeaponsMissilesAir BasesCommand and ControlGrain Storage Facilities
Characters in the Korean alphabet do not have corresponding, same-sounding letters in the Roman, or Western, alphabet. No single transliteration system was widely used at the time of the Korean War, or even today, and Korean names often appear with different spellings in various English translations.
LocaleNuclearCWBWMissileAirbase
Anbyon
Anju
Aoji
Chiha-ri
Ch'ongjin
Chongju
Chunggang-up
Chunggye
Chun-ma
Hagap
Hamhung
Hochon
Hungnam
Hwanghae
Hwasun
Kagam-ri
Kanggamchan
Kanggye
Kilju
Kumchangni
Kumho
Kusong
Kwanmo-bong
Man'gyongdae-ri
Manp'o
Masan-dong
Mayang
Munchon
Musudan-ri
Myohyang
Nanam
Namgung-ni
Ok'pyong-nodongjagu
Onjong-ni
Paegun
Pakch'on
Pyongsan
Pyongsong
Pyongyang
P'unggye-yok
Sakchu
Sangwon
Sariwon
Sinhung
Sinpo
Sinsonbi
Sinuiju
Sunchon
Taechon
Taegwan-up
Tokch'on-Kun
Toksong-gun
Tongch'ang-dong
Unggi
Wonsan
Yangdok
Yomsogol
Yongbyon
Yongo-dong
References
NORTH KOREAN MISSILE PROLIFERATION SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, PROLIFERATION, AND FEDERAL SERVICES, OCTOBER 21 1997
North Korean Mass Destruction Weapons Choi Ju-hwal, OCTOBER 21 1997
NORTH KOREAN MISSILE PROLIFERATION Ko Young-hwan, OCTOBER 21 1997
N Korean Nuclear Arsenal By Lee Wha Rang, April 27, 1996
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) The Nuclear Potential of Individual Countries Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Problems of Extension Appendix 2 Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence Service 6 April 1995
V-75 SA-2 GUIDELINE
The V-75 (SA-2) surface-to-air missile system was designed for the defense of both fixed targets and field forces. The V-75 was designed to cope with the threat posed by small groups of aircraft rather than massed raids. Flexibility and mobility are its chief advantages over the SA-1. In contrast to the massive SA-1 sites, each of which is capable of defending only a limited sector around the target area, each SA-2 site is capable of 360degrees coverage. This flexibility is obtained at the expense of target handling capacity and rate of fire relative to the SA-1. It is intended for defeat of manned and pilotless air attack weapons at the heights from 100 m to 30 km, which fly with speeds of up to 3000 km/h, at the distances to 58 km.
The system S-75 participated in the combat operations in Vietnam. On 01 May 1960, near Sverdlovsk, the invulnerable, high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft U-2 which was being piloted by Gary Powers was shot down by an SA-2.
Although there are a variety of arrangement patterns, all sites consist of six launching positions -- usually revetted - deployed around a guidance radar and linked by service roads to facilitate loading. While the sites were permanent installations, all operating components of the system are mounted on wheeled vehicles and are capable of movement by road or raiL
The V-75 was the basic missile defense system for critical urban-industrial areas in the USSR, other than Moscow. The V-75 deployment began on a wide scale since early 1958, with sites located throughout the western part of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries. Deployment patterns and levels of concentration varied according to the geography, size, and shape of the target area, and the Soviet estimate of the worth of individual targets. Between mid-1958 and 1964 more than 600 SA-2 sites were identified by US intelligence in the USSR, mostly in defense of population centers, industrial complexes, and government control centers.
Most SA-2 sites defended major centers of population and industry. SA-2 defenses were also deployed for the special protection of nuclear materials production and storage facilities. In addition, some key Soviet field forces and long range bomber bases were included in the SA-2 deployment pattern. The construction of sites and the training and activation of firing units was seasonal, with activity at a minimum during the winter months.
The sites in the Moscow area, located within the inner ring of SA-1 sites, were intended to supplement the existing defenses. Deployment of SA-2 installations around Moscow included seven sites as of 1964 as part of a program to supplement the SA-1 system.
Missile defenses were provided for most of the Soviet cities with populations greater than 200,000. SA-2 sites were emplaced at some smaller urban areas which contained government control centers or other installations of critical importance. They were also deployed for defense of naval and port facilities, nuclear production and weapon storage Installations, missile test ranges, and Industrial facilities. Other major military installations, such as long-range missile sites and alrfields of the long-range air force, are also defended by SA-2. A number of sites in border areas, which were unrelated to specific targets, were part of the deployment of peripheral defenses which eventually extended from the Kola Peninsula along the western and southern borders of the USSR into central Asia. Deployment in the Baltic coastal area was particularly dense. In mid-1962 about 750 sites were operational in defense of more than 200 target areas in the USSR. The Soviets eventually deployed roughly a thousand SA-2 sites in the USSR, with the major portion of the deployment completed by the mid-1960s.
Some SA-2 units were deployed in support of Soviet field forces in East Germany and in the USSR. Although SA-2 units assigned to Soviet field forces were normally emplaced at fixed installations, the system is transportable by road and SA-2 units were observed in field exercises. However, SA-2 units have a limited ability to follow a fast moving front because of the requirement for good roads and the time required to displace to new positions. SA-2 missile defenses for field forces were primarily assigned to such targets as major headquarters, logistic centers, and airfields.
Deployment of SA-2 sites for defense of Warsaw Pact targets began in 1960. The heaviest deployment has occurred in East Germany. About half of the sites were manned by East German troops, and the remainder by units of the Soviet field forces. The East German sites were located in the vicinity of Berlin and in the northern portion of East Germany. The Soviet sites were deployed to defend important Soviet military installations such as major headquarters and airfields.
V-75 Missile System
The V-75 SA-2 GUIDELINE is a medium to high altitude surface-to-air missile system. This two-stage missile has a large solid propellant booster stage fitted with four very large delta fins. The core stage consists of a storable liquid propellant sustainer rocket motor using inhibited red fuming nitric acid oxidizer and kerosene fuel. A set of four cropped delta-shaped wings are located near the mid-section, with a second in-line set of smaller fixed fins at the nose, and a third in-line set of slightly larger powered control fins at the tail.
The guidance system at an SA-2 site can handle only one target at a time, but can direct three missiles against a target simultaneously. Additional missiles could be fired against the same target after one or more missiles of the first salvo had completed their run. The Soviets apparently believed they must program three or four missiles against each target in order to achieve acceptable kill probabilities.
The 295 kg nuclear warhead used only on the SA-2E variant is believed to have a yield of 15 kT. The other V-75 variants have an internally grooved fragmentation warhead weighs 195 kg (130 kg of which is high explosive) with proximity, contact and command fusing available. This conventional warhead is fitted forward of the main fins and behind the nose-mounted guidance assembly. At medium and low altitudes the kill radius is about 65 meters and the blast radius for severe damage is 100-120 meters. The maximum blast radius against a high altitude target is approximately 250 meters, due to the rarefied atmosphere. The weapon has a accuracy of 75 meters with the large blast radius compensating for system inaccuracies.
The V-75 system is designed to be simple and easy to operate with the minimum of specialized training. The standard deployment pattern of a battalion site consists of six semi-fixed trainable single rail launchers are deployed in the familiar hexagon arrangement about 60-100 meters apart. The launchers may be dug into pits, left at ground level or hardened in concrete revetments. The battery command post fire control team and its computer, the Fan Song missile control radar, the P-12 Spoon Rest early warning radar, and typically six reload rounds on their articulated trailers are all located in the center of the launchers array.
Specifications
DOI
1959
Status
Standard
Length (m)
10.60
Diameter (m)
.70
Weight at launch (kg)
2,300
Propulsion system
Booster
Solid
Sustainer
Liquid
Launch rails/tubes
Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)
Guidance
Command
Warhead (type)
HE 200kg (295kg SA-2E) 188kg (HQ-2B/F/J/P),possible nuclear
Performance:
Max. velocity (Mach)
4.0 B/C/D, 4.5 E/F Mach
Effective altitude
27 B/C/F & HQ-2B/F/J/P, 40 D/E km
Maximum range (km)
35km B/F, 44km C, 50km D/E35km HQ-2B, 50km HQ-2J
Minimum range (km)
7-9
Kill Radius
65 m
Reload time (min)
10
Associated radars
FAN SONG, SPOON REST
V-75 SA-2 GUIDELINE
FAN SONG
The maximum radar range of the E-band Fan Song A/B/F radar varies between 60-120 km depending upon target type, altitude and operating conditions. The G-band Fan Song D/E maximum range is extended to between 75-145 km under equivalent conditions.
FAN SONG
FAN SONG A/B
FAN SONG C/E
FAN SONG F
Function:
Fire Control & TrackingCan track six targets simultaneously
Range
60-120km (A/B versions)
70-145km (D/E/F versions)
Frequency
E/F bands (A/B versions)
G band (C/E versions)
E/F bands (F version)
Comments
600kw power
Vert Ant BW 10 10x2deg
Hort Ant BW 2x10deg
Scan 15.5-17HZ
1.0mw power
Vert Ant BW 7.5x1.5deg
Hort Ant BW 11.5x7.5
Scan 15.5-17HZ
PRF 828-1440 Search
1656-2880 Trk
PW .4-1.2ms us
2-.9ms us
600kw power
Vert Ant BW 10 10x2deg
Hort Ant BW 2x10deg
Scan 15.5-17HZ
(guidance): PRF 44pps
Associated weapon system
SA-2 GUIDELINE SAM, SPOON REST target acquisition radar
Recognition
Trailer-mounted with tilting superstructure
Two orthogonal antennas(lewis scanners)
E version have 2 additional parabolic dishes
Scanners exhibit 'flapping' motion in operation
SIDE NET
At regimental HQ for the V-75 SA-2 GUIDELINE there is a fourth Spoon Rest, a van-mounted P-15 Flat Face 250 km range C-band search and tracking radar with two elliptical parabolic reflectors and a PRV-11 Side Net 180 km range E-band nodding height-finder radar mounted on a box-bodied trailer. There is also a radar control truck and a Mercury Grass truck-mounted command communications system for linking the HQ to the three battalions.
SIDE NET
PRV-11
Function
Height
Range
28 km32km Max altitude
Frequency
E-band
Associated weapon system
SA-2/3/5
Recognition
SPOON REST
The Spoon Rest A-band warning and target acquisition radar has a range of 275 km using a large Yagi antenna array. At regimental HQ for the V-75 SA-2 GUIDELINE there is a fourth Spoon Rest, a van-mounted P-15 Flat Face 250 km range C-band search and tracking radar with two elliptical parabolic reflectors and a PRV-11 Side Net 180 km range E-band nodding height-finder radar mounted on a box-bodied trailer. There is also a radar control truck and a Mercury Grass truck-mounted command communications system for linking the HQ to the three battalions.
SPOON REST
Function:
Target acquisition, early warning
Range
275 km
Frequency
A versions: A band (VHF)B versions: VHF below A band
Comments
Power 314kw, BW 6x22.5 PRF 310-400ppsPW 4-6us Max Alt 32km Scan 2-6rpm
Associated weapon system
SA-2 GUIDELINE FAN SONG fire control radar
Recognition
Six yagi array with bisecting crossbar
Mast mounted on 6x6 truck
In transit, two truck carry array and generator
S-125 SA-3 GOA
The S-125 NEVA-M (SA-3 GOA) is a surface-to-air anti-aircraft short-range system designed for destruction of aircraft, cruise missiles, assault helicopters and other air targets at ground, low and medium altitudes.
The development of air weapon systems and the need for the protection of the most important objects in the territory of the country required the development of the mobile systems of rocket weapon, capable of resisting massed attacks of aviation and cruise missiles, including at the maximally low altitudes of their combat employment. Solution of the problems indicated was achieved/reached during the creation of zenith rocket systems S-75 and S-125, which were developed between 1957 and 1961 under design project leader A.A. Raspletin's management.
The S-125 NEVA-M system was developed by Lavochkin and Grushkin OKB and produced by Fakel MKB. It was first introduced into operational service in 1961. Its type and combat capabilities make it comparable with the American MIM-23 HAWK. The last and most modern version is designated as S-125 NEVA-M. The system is characterised by a very good manageability and high speed of the missiles which achieves up to M = 3.5, permitting destruction of even highly manoeuvring air targets. The system includes P-15M (SQUAT EYE) search radars, PRV-11 radar altimeter and LOW BLOW guidance radar. The system is capable of tracking 6 targets at a time and guiding two missiles at the same time. A built-in TV camera with 25 km range increases its EW resistance.
The S-125 SA-3 GOA medium altitude surface-to-air missile system uses a two-stage, solid-fuel missile built by the Isayev OKB. The S-125 missile includes a large 2.6 second burn-time solid propellant booster with rectangular fins that rotate through 90� at launch. The smaller main stage has an 18.7 second burn-time solid propellant sustainer motor, and has four aft fixed fins and four forward movable control. Following booster jettison the missile is tracked by the system's radar with guidance signals sent to an antenna on the rear fins.
US intelligence imagery at Kapustin Yar in late 1959 revealed two probable R&D sites, each of which consisted of four launch pads. A possible launcher on one of the pads held two missile-like objects about 20 feet long. US intelligence subsequntly identified more than 35 sites of this type in the USSR between late 1961 and 1964, usually near SA-1 or SA-2 sites. The initial SA-3A GOA Mod 0, deployed in 1961, includes command guidance throughout the missile's flight. The subsequent SA-3B GOA Mod 1, first deployed in 1964, incorporated an improved guidance system. The missile's ability to dive allows it to be used against surface targets and naval vessels.
The S-125 is fired from trainable launchers which are normally fixed, but can be relocated. The crew loads the missiles with the aid of a conveyor onto the ground-mounted, trainable launcher for firing, with both twin and quadruple launchers in use. A pair of missiles are carried in tandem on a modified truck or tracked vehicle. The S-125 is normally transported from battalion storage areas on modified ZIL-131 (6 x 6) or ZIL-157 (6 x 6) trucks and loaded onto the launchers. Approximately one minute is required to load the missiles onto the launch rails, but nearly an hour is required between missile launches due to missile preparation, truck transit and other reloading procedures.
Pechora-2M
The modernised surface-to-air missile system "Pechora-2M" is an effective weapon against low-flying and small-size targets. Noise-protection equipment newly introduced will provide detection, tracing, and hitting targets in conditions of intensive influence of all kinds of radio noise and counter-measures. New teleoptical drift indicator provides targeting in conditions of radio-silence in day and night time. Doubling the number of launching pads enlarges fire capability of the system. Substitution of main equipment for modem digital and solid-state one allows to prolong the system life and lower costs {or its repair. Self-testing system introduced simplifies and reduces maintenance time 8-10 otime decrease in the spare parts nomenclature streamlines the order of supplying and lowers expenditures for the system operation. Introduction of telccodc communication equipment, navigation system, and interface applied provide for possibility of receiving radar information from any sources by the missile system. The possibility of mounting the system means upon self-propelled chassis drastically increases the system mobility. Recession of the control cab at large distance from the site centre saves the detachment's life. On the base of modernised technics already available, after moderate expenditures, customers get a modem weapon.
Specifications
Missile Characteristics:
DOI
1961
Status
Standard
Length (m)
6.70
Diameter (m)
.60
Weight at launch (kg)
400
Propulsion system
Booster
Solid
Sustainer
Solid
Launch rails/tubes
2 or 4 rails, ground mounted (not mobile)
Guidance
Command, (poss. IR terminal homing)
Warhead (type)
HE
Kill Radius
12.5 m
Performance:
Max. velocity (Mach)
3+
Max. altitude (m)
25,000
Min altitude (m)
100
Operational range (km)
25
Minimum range (km)
6
Reload time (min)
50
Associated radars
FLAT FACE, LOW BLOW, SQUAT EYE
P-15 FLAT FACE
The S-125 NEVA-M (SA-3 GOA) long-range surveillance and target acquisition is handled by the van-mounted P-15 FLAT FACE radar. The P-15 radar has been replaced in many S-125 units by the P-15M SQUAT EYE radar, which has the antenna mounted on a 20-30 m mast for improved low altitude coverage. The accompanying PRV-11 SIDE NET E-band height-finding radar has a range of 180 km covering targets at altitudes of up to 32000 meters.
FLAT FACE
P-15
Function:
Target acquisition
Range
200-250 km
Frequency
C band (UHF)
Associated weapon system
SA_3 GOA possibly SA-8 GECKO SAM, LOW BLOW missile control radar
Comments
Can guide three missiles simultaneosly
Power 380kw,
BW AZ 4.3deg-ELEV 4.3 deg
PW 2us,
PRF 200-700pps,
70km range at 300m alt,
accuracy 650m range, 1.8 deg AZ
Recognition:
Van mounted
Two eliptical parabolic reflectors measuring 11x5.5 m
Reflectors arranged one above the other on van roof
LOW BLOW
The S-125 NEVA-M (SA-3 GOA) long-range surveillance and target acquisition is handled by the van-mounted P-15 FLAT FACE radar. Target data generated by these tracking radars is passed to the battalion's LOW BLOW trailer-mounted fire control radar. With a maximum acquisition range of 110 km, the tracking range of this I-band system is between 40-85 km, depending on target size and altitude. The system can simultaneously track six target aircraft and guide one or two missiles. Improved LOW BLOW radars include TV cameras with a range of 25 km to provide the fire control team with the data needed to perform a command guidance intercept in a heavy ECM environment. If the missile fails to intercept it would be commanded to either change trajectory or self-destruct.
LOW BLOW
Function:
Fire Control
Trk/FC
Guidance
Frequency
I band
I band
D band
Range
40 km
40-85 km
29 km
Comments
Power 250kwPRF 1750-3500ppsPW .25-5ms(us)BW 12x1.5Scan (trough) 16HZ
PRF 3560-3585HZScan (Para) 25HZ
Associated weapon system
SA-3 GOA SAM, FLAT FACE, SQUAT EYE acquisition radar
Recognition:
Four-wheeled trailer-mounted
Two scanning parabolic dishes one above the other
P-15M SQUAT EYE
The S-125 NEVA-M system includes P-15M (SQUAT EYE) search radars.
SQUAT EYE
P-15M(2)
Function
Range
128 km
Frequency
C-band
Associated weapon system
SA-3/5
Recognition
Power 380kw
S-200 SA-5 GAMMON
The task of defeating the carriers of cruise missiles, jammers, aircraft of strategic aviation at maximum ranges and heights was solved between 1963 and 1967 with the creation of the S-200 system. Together with the development of many new scientific and technical solutions for the S-200 system, A.A. Raspletin was attached the fundamental importance to the creation of self-homing head for the anti-aircraft guided missile. In the accepted for the armament system S-200 the anti-aircraft guided missile was for the first time equipped with homing equipment.
The S-200 SA-5 GAMMON is a medium to high -altitude surface-to-air missile system. The single-stage missile has four jettisonable, wraparound solid propellant boosters, each of which is is 4.9 m long and 0.48 m in diameter with a single fin spanning 0.35 m from the booster body. The missile is 10.72 m long overall with a wing span of 2.85 m. The main body is 0.85 m in diameter and has a solid fuel dual thrust sustainer rocket motor.
Each missile battalion has one 320 km range P-35M BARLOCK-B E/F-band target search and acquisition radar with an integral D-band IFF system, one 270 km range SQUARE PAIR H-band missile guidance radar, and six trainable semi-fixed single rail launchers.
The missile's minimum range of 60 km is due to the booster burn time and jettison requirements, limiting the system to engagements against relatively large unmaneuverable targets at ranges up to 250 km. Guidance beyond the 60 km booster jettison point is by course correction command signals from the SQUARE PAIR radar with the S-200's own active radar terminal homing seeker head activated near the projected intercept point for final guidance.
The large HE warhead is detonated either by a command signal or the onboard proximity fusing system. When fitted with a nuclear warhead only the command detonation option is used.
Specifications
Composition:
Command and target distribution point �-9� - 1;
Radio-technical battery: radio locator for targets lightening RPTS 5N62V - 1;
Antenna post �-1V - 1;
Cabin �-2V - 1;
Start battery 5ZH51:
Start preparation cabin �-3V - 1;
Launching unit 5P72V - 6;
Loading machine 5YU24� - 12;
Antiaircraft missiles ZKR 5V21V (5V28) - 6
Combat set of missiles.....6
Number of missiles per LU
1
Maximum Speed
4 Mach
Effective Altitude
0.3-40.8 km
Effective Range
17-255 km
Number of target channels
1
Maximal hit target speed
1200 m/s
Possibility to hit a target by 1 rocket
0.85
Warhead
HE 215kg
Fuze
Proximity and command
Kill Radius
Unknown
P-35/37 / BAR LOCK
Radar Station or Radio-location Station (RLS) P-35 has a large tactical radius. It insures a circular scanning of the air space, detects the planes which are located in its operational zone and calculates their coordinates. The station P-35 has the following basic tactical and technical characteristics: Maximum range, depending on the type of plane and height of the flight-from 150 to 350 km. For example, the plane TU-104 which flies at an altitude of from 8,000 to 10,000 meters is detected at a distance of 350 km; the scanning zone: in altitude-up to 25,000m, in angle of location-up to 30 degrees; errors while determining the coordinates: in distance plus of minus 500m, in azimuth plus of minus 0.5 degrees; partitioning ability: in distance-500m, in azimuth-1.5 degrees; time for one circular scanning of the space is 20 or ten seconds, in accordance with a speed of ratation of the antenna-3 or 6 turns per minute. RLS P-35 has 6 channels. The 6 channels have frequencies in the the centimeter range.
BAR LOCK Radar
P-35/37
Function
EW
Range
200 km
Frequency
E/F-bands
Associated weapon system
SA-5
Comments
1 mw/b power
PRF 375pps
7 rpm Scan
BW .7deg
PW 1.5, 4.5 us
Accuracy range 350m AZ .14 deg
Recognition
SA-7 GRAIL 9K32M Strela-2HN-5 (Hongying 5) ChinaAnza MKI - PakistanAyn as Saqr - Egypt
The SA-7 GRAIL (Strela-2) man-portable, shoulder-fired, low-altitude SAM system is similar to the US Army REDEYE, with a high explosive warhead and passive infrared homing guidance. The SA-7 was the first generation of Soviet man portable surface-to-air missiles. Although classed as "fire and forget" types, the missiles were easily overcome by solar heat and, when used in hilly terrain, by heat from the ground.
The 9M32 STRELA-2 is a first-generation man-portable, shoulder-fired short-range anti-aircraft missile system, intended for destruction of both subsonic and supersonic air targets (fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, UAV) in ground and low altitudes. Development of this relatively simple system (STRELA-2, or SA-7A) started in 1959 and its basic version was introduced after 1966.
The SA-7 seeker is fitted with a filter to reduce the effectiveness of decoying flares and to block IR emissions. The system consists of the missile (9K32 & 9K32M), a reloadable gripstock (9P54 & 9P54M), and a thermal battery (9B17). An identification friend or foe (IFF) system can be fitted to the operators helmet. Further, a supplementary early warning system consisting of a passive RF antenna and headphones can be used to provide early cue about the approach and rough direction of an enemy aircraft. Although the SA-7 is limited in range, speed, and altitude, it forces enemy pilots to fly above minimum radar limitations which results in detection and vulnerability to regimental and divisional air defense systems.
The missile is launched from a portable cylindrical launcher. It has two rectangular movable control ailerons in the front section, and four tilting rectangular stabilisation ailerons in the rear. The initial series of the STRELA-2 missiles were fitted with a non-cooled IR detector with a limited possibility of homing from the aft hemisphere and they had no protection against IR decoys and modulated jammers. The starting (booster) engine burns for about 0.5 second, driving engine for another 2 sec. The STRELA-2 is considerably widespread; it is in service with many armies throughout the world and was produced in many countries based on a licence. The total number of missiles that have been manufactured is estimated at 50,000 pieces.
The SA-7a (9K32 Strela-2) was introduced for service in 1968, but was soon replaced by the SA-7b (9K32M Strela-2M) which became the most common production model. The later improved version STRELA-2M (SA-7B) also uses a non-cooled detector but it is fitted with a special filter to eliminate external effects. The SA-7b, differs from the SA-7a primarily by using a boosted propellant charge to increase range and speed. The SA-7a had a slant range of 3.6 km and a kill zone between 15 and 1500 meters in altitude, with a speed of about 430 meters per second (Mach 1.4). The SA-7b has a slant range of about 4.2 km, a ceiling of about 2300 meters, and a speed of about 500 meters per second (Mach 1.75). Both the SA-7a and SA-7b are tail-chase missile systems, and its effectiveness depends on its ability to lock onto the heat source of low-flying fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft targets.
Its improved version STRELA-2M (SA-7B) with an improved IR homing system, a more effective warhead, higher engine performance and a new identification device had been in service since 1971. Major improvements carried out in mid-70s consisted in the applications of a new-generation homing system which is not only more sensitive but also more resistant against IR jamming, or IR decoys, and has a substantially shorter reaction time. STRELA-2M can cooperate with a miniature elint seeker which can be fitted to the operator�s helmet and can locate sources of active radiation in an aircraft, like a radar, radar altimeter etc. Since late 70s, an adapted version was mounted on Mil Mi-24 (HIND E) combat helicopters particularly to combat helicopters. To date, STRELA-2 has been considered a very efficient weapon to destroy air targets. Its advantages include particularly the simplicity of construction and the way of rapid and easy employment. Due to its small dimensions and low weight it is easily portable.
The missile is fitted with a passive infrared homing system and a contact fuse and it is guided to contrast heat sources, usually the outlet pipe of an aircraft engine. It is powered by a two-stage solid fuel engine. The target is detected visually by the operator; an additional IFF system can be used to identify its nationality. Activation of the homing system and electronic circuits takes 4 to 6 seconds, the engine is ignited 0.8 second after that. For stabilisation reasons, the missile rotates about its longitudinal axis (20 rps). The target is destroyed by a pressure wave and splinters upon the initiation of the HE warhead. After launching, the operator can reload the device up to 5 times. The system includes a 9M32M missile in a 9P54M container, 9P58 launcher, 9B17 electric battery, 9V810M mobile testing and support assets, 9F620, 9F622 and 9F626 training and simulation installations.
In 1997, the Russian manufacturing and export company Kolomna NPO came with an offer to modernise the missile. The upgrade consists in installation of a two-regime IR homing system (9E46M) with a non-cooled detector, which is part of a new generation missile IGLA (SA-18 GROUSE) and has a sophisticated system of protection against all sorts of IR jamming.
The HN-5 ( Hong Nu = Red Cherry ) is an improved Chinese version with upgraded capabilities.
The Anza anti-aircraft missiles give Pakistan a response to India's superiority in modern aircraft -- India has a numerical superiority in modern fighter aircraft of more than 3 to 1 over Pakistan. The Anza MK-1, Anza MK-2, and Anza MK-3 surface to air anti-aircraft missiles have ranges of 4, 6 and 15 km, respectively. The missiles are manufactured by the laboratory named after Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's nuclear program.
The Anza MKI missiles, which have a range of 4.2 km, were manufactured and handed over to the military forces in 1990. It has been reported that the missile was used during the Kargil incidents between Pakistan and India. Pakistan downed two of India's military planes, a MIG-21 and a MIG-27, with the Anza MKI missiles for violating its airspace on 26 May 1999.
Egyptian technicians have reverse engineered and modified two Soviet SAMs -- the Ayn as Saqr (a version of the SA-7) and the Tayir as Sabah (a version of the SA-2). The Ayn as Saqr [Falcon Eye] anti-Aircraft missile system is designed to counter air-ground attack by all types of aircraft flying at low and very low altitudes due to its simplicity of operation, accuracy, light weight, mobility & versatility (either by one man or to be integrated into other overall A/D systems). Also it can be mounted on any combat vehicle, light or armored. Moreover the basic equipment can be fitted with IFF & night vision units.
HN-5 (Hongying 5)
Anza MK-1
Ayn as Saqr
Specifications
Date of Introduction
1972
Proliferation
Worldwide
Crew
1
Launcher Name
9P54M
Length (m)
1.47
Diameter (mm)
70
Weight (kg)
4.71
Reaction Time
5-10 seconds (acquisition to fire)
Time Between Launches (sec)
INA
Reload Time (sec)
6-10
Missile Name
9M32M
Max. Range
5,500 meters
Min. Range
500 meters
Max. Altitude
4,500 meters
Min. Altitude
18 meters
Length (m)
1.40
Diameter (mm)
70
Weight (kg)
9.97
Missile Speed (m/s)
580
Propulsion
Solid fuel booster and solid fuel sustainer rocket motor.
Guidance
Passive IR homing device (operating in the medium IR range)
Seeker Field of View
1.9�
Tracking Rate
6�/sec
Warhead Type
HE
Warhead Weight (kg)
1.15
Fuze Type
Contact (flush or grazing)
Self-Destruct (sec)
15
FIRE CONTROL
Launcher has sighting device and a target acquisitionindicator. The gunner visually identifies and acquires the target.
Gunner Field of View
INA
Acquisition Range (m)
INA
VARIANTS
SA-N-5 Naval versionHN-5A Chinese versionStrela 2M/A Yugoslavian upgradeSakr Eye Egyptian upgradeMounted in several types of vehicles in four, six, and eight-tube launcher varieties.Can be mounted on several helicopters (Mi-24, S-342 Gazelle)
ANZA MK-1 Specifications
Type
2-stage, low altitude
Length
(missile, with retracted tail fins) 1.44 m
Weight
(total launch assembly in firing condition) 15 Kg (Missile at launch) 9.8 Kg
Propulsion
solid fuel booster and solid fuel sustainer rocket motor
Guidance
uncooled Pbs passive infrared homing seeker
Warhead
HE fragmentation (containing 0.37 Kg HE) with contact and graze fuzing
Average missile cruise speed
500 m/s
Max missile manoeuvring
6 g
Self destruction time
14-17 s
Max target speed
(receding target) 260 m/s
Max effective slant range
4,200 m
Min effective slant range
1,200 m
Max effective altitude
50 m
Weapon reaction time
less than 5 s
Time from march to ready
less than 10 s for operation
Battery operation time
more than 40 s
General characteristics
Parameter / Version PL�S
STRELA-2 (SA-7A)
STRELA-2M (SA-7B)
Max. effective range
3200 m
4200 m
Max. effective ceiling
2000 m
2300 m
Min. altitude
50 m
30-50 m
Min. effective range
800 m
800 m
Max. speed of the target
220 m/s
260 m/s
Max. speed
385 m/s
580 m/s
Operating wavelength of the detector
1,7 az 2,8 m m
1,7 az 2,8 m m
Viewing field of the homing system
1,9�
.
Angular scan velocity in the regime of target tracking
9�/s
.
Total weight of the system
14,5 kg
15 kg
Weight of the missile
9,2 kg
9,85 kg
Weight of the warhead
1,15 kg
1,8 kg
Length of the missile
1,42 m
1,44 m
Diameter of the missile
0,072 mm
0,072 mm
Wingspan of the stabilisation wings
300 mm
300 mm
Length of the launcher
1,49 m
1,49 m
Diameter of the launcher
0,1 m
0,1 m
Into-action time
max. 6 s
.
Reaction time
max. 5 s
.
Time for self-destruction of the missile
14 az 17 s
.
Range of operation temperatures
-38 az +50�C
.
Operator
1
1
SA-16 GIMLET Igla-1 9K310
The "IGLA-1" is a portable anti aircraft missile system (SA-16) with solid propellant guided missile. It is a simplified version of "IGLA" (SA-18) portable anti aircraft missile system. The system is designed for destroying low flying aircraft and helicopters. The missile can be launched to follow or meet enemy aircraft. SA-16 GIMLET (Igla-1 9K310) man-portable surface-to-air missile system, a further development from the SA-7 & SA-14 series, is an improved version of the SA-18 GROUSE, which was introduced in 1983, three years before the SA-16.
The SA-16 feattures a new seeker and modified launcher nose cover. Whereas the the SA-18 9M39 missile is fitted with an aerodynamic spike on the nose, the 9M310 missile of the SA-16 has the spike replaced with an aerodynamic cone held in place with a wire tripod. On the SA-18 the protective cover of the seeker is conical, on the SA-16 it is tubular with a prominent lip at the forward edge. The 9M313 missile of the SA-16 employs an IR guidance system using proportional convergence logic, and an improved two-color seeker, presumably IR and UV). The seeker is sensitive enough to home in on airframe radiation, and the two-color sensitivity is designed to minimize vulnerability to flares. The SA-16 has a maximum range of 5000 meters and a maximum altitude of 3500 meters.
Specifications
Maximum Speed
2+ Mach
Effective Altitude
3,500 m
Effective Range
500 -- 5,000 m
Altitude
10-3500 m
Warhead
HE 2kg
Guidance
passive 2-color IR and UV homing
Fuze
Contact and graze
Kill Radius
Unknown
1 
